Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Biography
శాంతి స్వరూప్ భట్నాగర్ జీవిత
చరిత్ర
Sir Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar (21
February 1894 – 1 January 1955) was an Indian colloid chemist, academic and
scientific administrator. The first director-general of the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), he is revered as the "father of
research laboratories" in India.He was also the first Chairman of the
University Grants Commission (India) (UGC).
Early life
Bhatnagar was born in the Bhera, Punjab
region of British India, in a Hindu kayastha family. His father, Parmeshwari
Sahai Bhatnagar, died when he was eight months old, and he spent his childhood
in the house of his maternal grandfather, an engineer, who helped him develop a
liking for science and engineering. He enjoyed building mechanical toys,
electronic batteries, and string telephones. From his maternal family he also
inherited a gift of poetry.He completed his elementary education from the
Dayanand Anglo-Vedic High School, Sikandrabad (Bulandshahr). In 1911 he joined
the newly established Dayal Singh College, Lahore, where he became an active
member of the Saraswati Stage Society and earned a good reputation as an actor.
Bhatnagar passed the Intermediate Examination of the Punjab University in 1913
in first class and joined the Forman Christian College,where he obtained a BSc
in physics in 1916, and a MSc in chemistry in 1919.
Education and early research
Bhatnagar was awarded a scholarship by the Dayal Singh College Trust to study abroad, and he left for America via England. The Trustee permitted him to join the University College London under chemistry professor Frederick G. Donnan. He earned his Doctorate in Science in 1921. While in London, he was supported by the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research with a fellowship of £250 a year. In August 1921, he returned to India and immediately joined the newly established Banaras Hindu University (BHU) as a professor of chemistry, where he remained for three years. He then moved to Lahore as a Professor of Physical Chemistry and Director of University Chemical Laboratories of the University of the Punjab. This portion of his career was the most active period of his life in original scientific work. His research interests included emulsions, colloids, and industrial chemistry, but his fundamental contributions were in the field of magneto-chemistry, the use of magnetism for the study of chemical reactions. In 1928 he and K.N. Mathur jointly developed the Bhatnagar-Mathur Magnetic Interference Balance, which was one of the most sensitive instruments at the time for measuring magnetic properties.
Professional career
His major innovation was an improvement
of the procedure for drilling crude oil. The Attock Oil Company at Rawalpindi
(representative of Messers Steel Brothers & Co London) had confronted a
peculiar problem, wherein the mud used for the drilling operation was hardened
upon contact with saline water, thereby clogging the drill holes. Bhatnagar
realised that this problem could be solved by colloidal chemistry. He added an
Indian gum, which had the remarkable property of lowering the viscosity of the
mud suspension and of increasing at the same time its stability against the
flocculating action of electrolytes. M/s Steel Brothers was so pleased that
they offered Bhatnagar a sum of Rs. 1,50,000/- for research work on any subject
related to petroleum. The company placed the fund through the university and it
was used to establish the Department of Petroleum Research under the guidance
of Bhatnagar. Investigations carried out under this collaborative scheme
included deodorization of waxes, increasing flame height of kerosene and
utilization of waste products in the vegetable oil and mineral oil industries.
After India acquired independence, the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) was set up under the
chairmanship of Dr. Bhatnagar, who became its first director-general. He is
credited with establishing laboratories like the Central Food Processing
Technological Institute, Mysore, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, the
National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, the National Metallurgical Laboratory,
Jamshedpur, the Central Fuel Institute, Dhanbad among others, and became known
as the “The Father of Research Laboratories”.
The CSIR, to honour his memory,
established the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award for eminent scientists.
He died of a heart attack on 1 January
1955, at the age of 60.
Honours and recognition
Batnagar Award
Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Avada is one of
the best in the field of Indian science, which gives every year recognition for
the services provided by scientists in the fields of science and technology.
He was awarded Padma Bhushan by the government of India in 1954.
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Swaroop Bhatnagar Biography in Telugu
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