ఎర్నెస్ట్ రూథర్ఫోర్డ్ జీవిత చరిత్ర - న్యూక్లియర్ ఫిజిక్స్ పితామహుడు
Ernest Rutherford (30 August 1871 – 19
October 1937), was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be known as
the father of nuclear physics. Encyclopaedia Britannica considers him to be the
greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
In early work, Rutherford discovered the
concept of radioactive half-life, the radioactive element radon, and
differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation. This work was performed at
McGill University in Montreal, Canada. It is the basis for the Nobel Prize in
Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 "for his investigations into the
disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive
substances", for which he was the first Canadian and Oceanian Nobel
laureate.
Rutherford moved in 1907 to the Victoria
University of Manchester (today University of Manchester) in the UK, where he
and Thomas Royds proved that alpha radiation is helium nuclei. Rutherford
performed his most famous work after he became a Nobel laureate. In 1911,
although he could not prove that it was positive or negative, he theorized that
atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus, and thereby
pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom, through his discovery and
interpretation of Rutherford scattering by the gold foil experiment of Hans
Geiger and Ernest Marsden. He performed the first artificially induced nuclear
reaction in 1917 in experiments where nitrogen nuclei were bombarded with alpha
particles. As a result, he discovered the emission of a subatomic particle which,
in 1919, he called the "hydrogen atom" but, in 1920, he more
accurately named the proton.
Rutherford became Director of the
Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1919. Under his
leadership the neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 and in the same
year the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner was
performed by students working under his direction, John Cockcroft and Ernest
Walton. After his death in 1937, he was honoured by being interred with the greatest
scientists of the United Kingdom, near Sir Isaac Newton's tomb in Westminster
Abbey. The chemical element rutherfordium (element 104) was named after him in
1997.
0 Komentar